PCSK9 Gene Participates in the Development of Primary Dyslipidemias.

Dyslipidemias are a group of diseases, which are characterized by abnormal blood concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides and/or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c). Dyslipidemia is a determinant condition for the progress of an atherosclerotic plaque formation. The resulting atherogenicity is due to at least two mechanisms: first, to the accumulation in the plasma of lipid particles that have the capacity to alter the function of the endothelium and deposit at the atheromatous plaque, and second, at an insufficient concentration of multifactorial type of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), whose function is to protect against the development of atherosclerosis. Its highest prevalence is encountered among individuals with diabetes, hypertension or overweight. Hyperlipidemia is one of the main predisposing factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. Hyperlipidemia can be the result of a genetic condition, the secondary expression of a primary process or the consequence of exogenous factors (food, cultural, socio-economic, etc.), all of which lead to the elevation of plasma lipid levels. The objective of this study was to carry out an analysis of the genes involved in the development of dyslipidemias that lead to cardiovascular disease with special emphasis on the proprotein convertase subtilin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) gene. The PCSK9 gene participates in the development of primary dyslipidemias, mainly familial hypercholesterolemia, currently the pharmacological treatment of choice to reduce LDL-c are statins, however, it has been observed that these have been insufficient to eliminate cardiovascular risk, especially in subjects with primary forms of hypercholesterolemia related to genetic mutations, or statin intolerance.

Effect of Pleurotus agaves mushroom addition on the physicochemical and sensory properties of blue maize tortillas produced with traditional and ecological nixtamalization.

The physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties of flours, doughs and tortillas made with traditional nixtamalization (TN) and ecological nixtamalization (EN) and enriched (9%) with the traditional maguey mushroom (Pleurotus agaves) were analysed. EN resulted in flours and tortillas having a greater content of bioactive compounds than that of TN flours, which represents a production process of maize tortillas containing high amounts of antioxidants. The addition of mushrooms to EN flours improved their sensory properties, whereas the addition of mushrooms to TN flours decreased them. The amount of P. agaves added to tortillas was equivalent to 3% enrichment with ß-glucans. The edible mushroom P. agaves, highly appreciated in many Mexican regions, improved the nutritional and sensory quality of blue maize tortillas when added to flours prepared by EN. A new product was developed using local traditional foods of complementary nutritional value.

Micobacterias atípicas en prótesis mamaria. A propósito de un caso / Atypical mycobacteria in breast implant. A case report

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Sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma: a 6 years study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in cutaneous melanoma at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 128 patients with primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent SLNB between April, 2004, and August, 2010 were studied. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to explore the effect of variables on mortality and sentinel node status. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier approach. RESULTS: Positive SLNB were detected in 35 (27.3%) of 128 cases. Mean Breslow depths were 3.7 mm for SLNB positive patients and 1.99 mm for SLNB negative patients. False negative rate was 1%. The recurrence rate was 40% for positive patients and 6.5% for negative patients (odds ratio 9.7 [confidence interval 95 % 3.3-28.1]). 33 patients (29%) had an ulcerated melanoma, 12 (10.5%) in the positive group and 21 (18.5%) in the negative group. The disease recurred in a 48.5% of patients with ulcerated melanoma, but only in a 2.5% of patients with non-ulcerated melanoma. Upon multivariate analysis, only Breslow thickness (P = 0.005) demonstrate statistically significance for SLNB status. Multivariate analysis for clinicopathologic predictors of death demonstrate statistically significance for Breslow thickness (P = 0.020), ulceration (P = 0.030) and sentinel node status (P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that the status of the sentinel node is a strong independent prognostic factor with a higher risk of death and lower survival. Patients with ulcerated melanoma are more likely to develop recurrence, and also higher risk of death than patients with non-ulcerated melanoma.

Angiosarcoma en linfedema crónico (síndrome de Stewart-Treves) / Angiosarcoma in Chronic Lymphedema (Stewart-Treves Syndrome)

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Aislamiento de Helicobacter pylori en sarro dental de pacientes con gastritis del policlinico Angamos / Isolation of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of patients with gastritis of the polyclinical

Objetivo: Detectar la presencia de Helicobacter pylori en sarro dentario de pacientes con gastritis del Hospital Angamos ESSALUD diagnosticados por biopsia. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Tipo de estudio: Observacional analítico. Población; 115 pacientes programados para endoscopia del servicio de gastroenterología de dicho hospital. La metodología empleada para la biopsia del antro y fondo del estomágo fue a través de gastroscopio. Recolectada la muestra se procesó para el diagnóstico histológico de gastritis y la búsqueda de Helicobacter pylori. La muestra de sarro dentario se obtuvo por raspado de la zona supragingival y transportada en medio de conservación para el cultivo de la bacteria en medio selectivo e incubado en microaerofilia por 5 a 10 días, se hizo coloración de las colonias sospechosas y compararon con una cepa patrón, la prueba de ureasa y oxidasa confirmaron el diagnóstico. RESULTADOS: Se hallaron 66 casos de gastritis asociados a H. p. por biopsia. En 24 casos también se logró aislar H.p. en sarro dentario. El otro grupo de 49 casos de gastritis sin H.p. en 4 hubo aislamiento de la bacteria en sarro dentario pero si en 4 casos. CONCLUSION: Los resultados indican una relación directa con los casos de gastritis y la positividad en el sarro dentario de Helicobacter pylori lo cual indicaría una relación de los pacientes de estos casos como reservorio de dicha bacteria, en comparación con los casos en la cual no hay la presencia de H.p. en los casos de gastritis sin Helicobacter, excepto en cuatro casos.

Objective: Detect the presence of (Helicobacter pylori) in dental plaque among patients with gastritis diagnosed by biopsy at Angamos Surquillo Hospital.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type of study: Analytical Observation. Population: 115 patients scheduled for endoscopy at the Gastroenterological Department of said hospital. The methodology employed for the biopsy of the antrum and fundus of the stomach was by means of a gastroscope. Once the sample was collected it was processed and stained with hematoxilin-eosin for the histological diagnosis of gastritis by observation of Helicobacter pylori. Dental plaque samples were obtained by scraping the supragingival area and were transported in a conservation medium for culture of the bacteria in a selective medium and incubated in microaerophilia for 5 to 10 days; suspected colonies were stained and compared to a patron strain. Urease and oxidase tests confirmed the diagnosis.RESULTS: In total, 66 cases of gastritis associated with H.p. were found by biopsy. In 24 of these cases, H.p from dental plaque were also isolated. In another group of 49 cases of gastritis not associated with H.p., no H.p. was found in the dental plaque of 45 of these cases while H.p. was isolated from dental plaque in 4 cases. CONCLUSION: The results show a direct relation between the cases of gastritis andthe finding of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque, which would indicate a relation between the patients and the bacteria in these cases, as they act as a reservoir for said bacteria; as compared with the cases in which there is no H.p presence in gastritis without Helicobacter, except in four cases. The cases of gastritis with Helicobacter pylori and negative dental plaque are notsignificant, in these cases the bacteria entered with the food.

[Isolation of helicobacter pylori in dental plaque in patients with gastritis at "Angamos" clinic]. / Aislamiento de helicobacter pylori en sarro dental de pacientes con gastritis del policlinico "Angamos".

OBJECTIVE: Detect the presence of (Helicobacter pylori) in dental plaque among patients with gastritis diagnosed by biopsy at Angamos Surquillo Hospital. TYPE OF STUDY: Analytical Observation. POPULATION: 115 patients scheduled for endoscopy at the Gastroenterological Department of said hospital. The methodology employed for the biopsy of the antrum and fundus of the stomach was by means of a gastroscope. Once the sample was collected it was processed and stained with hematoxilin-eosin for the histological diagnosis of gastritis by observation of Helicobacter pylori. Dental plaque samples were obtained by scraping the supragingival area and were transported in a conservation medium for culture of the bacteria in a selective medium and incubated in microaerophilia for 5 to 10 days;suspected colonies were stained and compared to a patron strain. Urease and oxidase tests confirmed the diagnosis. RESULTS: In total, 66 cases of gastritis associated with H.p. were found by biopsy. In 4 of these cases, H.p from dental plaque were also isolated. In another group of 49 fases of gastritis not associated with H.p., no H.p. was found in the dental plaque of 45 of these cases while H.p. was isolated from dental plaque in 4 clases. CONCLUSION: The results show a direct relation between the cases of gastritis and the finding of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque, which would indicate a relation between the patients and the bacteria in these cases, as they act as a reservoir for said bacteria; as compared with the cases in which there is no H.p presence in gastritis without Helicobacter, except in four cases. The cases of gastritis with Helicobacter pylori and negative dental plaque are not significant, in these cases the bacteria entered with the food.

Cutaneous sensitivity to six mite species in asthmatic patients from five Latin American countries.

The prevalence of positive skin prick tests to the mite species Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. farinae, Blomia tropicalis, Chortoglyphus arcuatus, Lepidoglyphus destructor and Aleuroglyphus ovatus was determined in 297 asthmatic adults and children living in seven cities of five Latin American countries. A standardized protocol and a common battery of extracts were used at each site. The mean wheal diameters were measured after 15 min, and those > or = 3 mm were considered positive. Sensitization to D. pteronyssinus varied from 60.7% in Cartagena to 91.2% in São Paulo; to D. farinae from 53.3% in Córdoba to 97.2% in Caracas; to A. ovatus from 26.6% in Bogotá to 71.2% in São Paulo; to B. tropicalis from 46.5% in Mexico City to 93.7% in São Paulo; to C. arcuatus from 33.3% in Mexico City to 75% in São Paulo; and to L. destructor from 30% in Mexico City to 76.2% in São Paulo. This study reported the results of skin test sensitivities in both children and adults. The studies from São Paulo and Córdoba were confined to children and thus could be compared; there was a significantly higher prevalence of cutaneous sensitivity to mite allergens in the children of São Paulo than in those of Córdoba (p < 0.001 for all mite species). Cutaneous sensitivity to mite allergens is very common in young and adult asthmatics in Latin America, in areas both at sea level and at high altitudes. Environmental control measures should be reinforced in the treatment of asthmatics in Latin America.